| ObjectCharge |
The electric charge $q_A$ on a macroscopic object $A$ is equal to its number of protons minus its number of electrons, times the elementary charge unit $e$. |
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| ObjectColor |
The color of an object is the color that it reflects into your eye. |
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| ObjectDistance |
The object distance $d_\text{o}$ is the distance from the object to the center of the optical element. |
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| Opaque |
Opaque materials transmit very little light. |
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| PinholeImage |
A pinhole makes an inverted real image at every distance beyond the pinhole. |
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| PinholeNearFarImage |
Images near the pinhole are small and bright. Images far from the pinhole are large and dim. |
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| PinholeSmallLargeImage |
An image formed by a small pinhole is sharp and dim. An image formed by a large pinhole is fuzzy and bright. |
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| PlaneMirrorImage |
A plane mirror makes an upright virtual image the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. |
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| PointApprox |
An object can be assumed to be a point particle when its dimensions are very small relative to its distance from other objects. |
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| Position |
A position is a point in space. |
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| PositionTable |
A position table shows the position of an object along a path at equal successive times (clock readings). |
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| PosSlopeIsVel |
For motion in one dimension, the slope of the tangent to the graph of position v. time at a particular time (clock reading) is the instantaneous velocity at that time. |
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| PosVelIncreasingPos |
The value of the position, on a particular axis, of an object having a positive velocity along that axis during a time interval will be greater at the end of the interval than at the beginning. |
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| Precision |
The precision of a set of measurements is the spread of the measurements. |
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| Prediction |
A prediction is an assertion (claim) about what might happen under certain conditions concerning a natural phenomenon or the results of a planned investigation. |
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| PrincipalRaysName |
The principal rays are the parallel ray, the central ray, the focal ray, and for a spherical mirror, the center of curvature ray. |
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| PrincipalRaysUses |
Any two principal rays determine the image. |
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| PrismsRaindrops |
Prisms and raindrops separate light into colors. |
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| ProjectileMotion |
Projectile motion is motion under the influence of only Earth's gravitational acceleration $g$, which is assumed constant in magnitude and direction. This means that the motion must be near Earth's surface, over distances that are small relative to Earth's radius, and air resistance and other forces are assumed to be negligible. |
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| ProtonCharge |
The proton charge is $e$, the elementary charge. |
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| ProtonMass |
The proton mass, $m_\mathrm{p}$, is $1.67 \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}$. |
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| RealImage |
A real image is an image that is formed by light rays and can be viewed on a screen. |
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| Reflection |
Reflection is when light bounces off an object. |
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| Refraction |
Refraction is when light changes direction as it enters a different medium. |
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| RefractionDirection |
Light bends toward(away from) the normal to the interface between the two media when it enters a medium in which light travels slower(faster). |
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| RopeForceDirection |
The direction of the force exerted by a rope on an object is along the rope and away from the object. |
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| RoughReflection |
Objects that are not mirrors reflect light in all directions. |
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| RubbingCharge |
A few electrons can be transferred from some macroscopic objects to others by rubbing the objects together. |
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| ScientificExplanation |
A scientific explanation includes an assertion (claim) about natural systems or designed objects, systems, or phenomena; the evidence, which consists of empirical evidence or observations, related to the claim; and reasoning that links the claim with the evidence. |
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| ScientificQuestion |
A scientific question is a question that leads to an empirical investigation (collecting and interpreting data to develop an explanation). |
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| SeeLightSource |
Light sources are seen when a light ray travels directly from the light source to an observer's eye. |
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| SeeObject |
Objects that are not light sources are seen when light travels from a light source, bounces off the object, and enters the observer's eye. |
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| Shadow |
A shadow is formed when an object blocks (absorbs or reflects) the light that hits it, but other light goes straight past the edges of the object. |
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| ShadowOppositeSource |
The shadow is on the opposite side of the object from the light source. |
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| SidewaysForceDirChange |
A force acting on an object, in a direction to the left(right) of the object's motion, will cause a leftward(rightward) change in the direction of the object's motion. |
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| SnellsLaw |
When a light ray in a medium having index of refraction $n_1$ enters a medium having index of refraction $n_2$ at an angle of incidence $\theta_1$, the angle of refraction $\theta_2$ is given by Snell's Law, $n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2$. |
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| Space |
Definition of physical space TBD |
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| SpecularReflection |
Specular reflection is reflection that follows the law of reflection. |
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| Speed |
An object's (instantaneous) speed is the magnitude of its (instantaneous) velocity vector. The SI unit for speed is meters per second ($\mathrm{m/s}$). |
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| SpeedOfLight |
The speed of light in a vacuum, $c$, is a universal physical constant exactly equal to $2.99792458 \times 10^8 \frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{s}}$. |
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| SpeedTable |
A speed table displays an object's instantaneous speed at equal time intervals. |
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| SPEEqnUnits |
The equation for spring potential energy is $\text{SPE}=\frac{1}{2} k x^2$, where $\text{SPE}$ is the spring's potential energy, in joules, $k$ is the spring constant, in newtons per meter, and $x$ is the displacement from the equilibrium position, in meters. |
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| SphericalMirrorCurvatureFocus |
A spherical mirror has a single center of curvature. Its distance is twice the focal length from the mirror. |
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| SpringPotentialEnergy |
Spring potential energy (also called elastic potential energy) is the energy stored in a spring when it is compressed or stretched from its equilibrium position. |
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| Start |
An object starts to move when it has not moved for a while, and then moves. |
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| StatementPlaceholder |
Statement placeholder value |
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| Stop |
A object, that had been moving, and then does not move for a while, has stopped. |
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| SunMass |
The Sun's mass is $1.99 \times 10^{30}$ kg. |
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| TerminalSpeed |
Terminal speed is the speed at which the magnitude of the force of fluid resistance on a falling object is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force on the object. |
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| Time |
Definition of time TBD |
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