| Image |
An image is a region of space that contains a point-to-point, systematic, invertible mapping of points in a source. |
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| ImageDistance |
The image distance $d_i$ is the distance from the center of the optical element to the image. |
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| IndependentVariable |
The independent variable of a controlled experiment is the quantity whose values are changed by the investigator. |
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| IndepMotions |
The component of an object's velocity along an axis is not affected by a component of acceleration along a perpendicular axis. |
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| IndexOfRefraction |
A material's index of refraction $n$ is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum $c$ to the speed of light in the material $v$, $n=\frac{c}{v}$. |
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| Instant |
A moment in time. |
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| InstantaneousChange |
An instantaneous change in a quantity is the limiting value of the change in the quantity's value, divided by the duration of that change, as the duration approaches zero. |
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| KEEqnUnits |
The equation for kinetic energy is $\text{KE}=\frac{1}{2} m v^2$, where $\text{KE}$ is the object's kinetic energy, in joules, $m$ is the object's mass, in kilograms, and $v$ is the object's speed, in meters per second. |
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| KinEqn1_vat |
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is described by the equation $v_2=v_1 + a (t_2-t_1)$, where $v_2$ is the velocity at time $t_2$, $v_1$ is the velocity at time $t_1$, and $a$ is the acceleration. |
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| KinEqn2_dvt |
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is described by the equation $x_\text{2}=x_\text{1} + \frac{1}{2} (v_\text{1}+v_\text{2}) (t_\text{2}-t_\text{1})$, where $x_\text{2}$ is the position at time $t_\text{2}$, $x_\text{1}$ is the position at time $t_\text{1}$, $v_\text{2}$ is the velocity at time $t_\text{2}$, and $v_\text{1}$ is the velocity at time $t_\text{1}$. |
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| KinEqn3_dv_plus_at^2 |
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is described by the equation $x_2=x_1 + v_1 (t_2-t_1)+\frac{1}{2} a (t_2-t_1)^2$, where $x_2$ is the position at time $t_2$, $x_1$ is the position at time $t_1$, $v_1$ is the velocity at time $t_1$, and $a$ is the acceleration. |
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| KinEqn4_2adv^2 |
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is described by the equation $v_2^2=v_1^2 + 2 a (x_2-x_1)$, where $v_2$ is the velocity at time $t_2$, $v_1$ is the velocity at time $t_1$, $a$ is the acceleration, $x_2$ is the position at time $t_2$, and $x_1$ is the position at time $t_1$. |
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| KinEqn5_dv_minus_at^2 |
One-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is described by the equation $x_2=x_1 + v_2 (t_2-t_1)-\frac{1}{2} a (t_2-t_1)^2$, where $x_2$ is the position at time $t_2$, $x_1$ is the position at time $t_1$, $v_2$ is the velocity at time $t_2$, and $a$ is the acceleration. |
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| KineticEnergy |
Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has because it is in motion. |
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| KineticFriction |
Kinetic friction is the force exerted by one surface on another surface, because they are sliding along each other, that is parallel to the surfaces' interface. |
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| KineticFrictionDirection |
The force of kinetic friction opposes the relative motion of the two surfaces. |
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| KineticFrictionStrength |
A useful approximation for the strength of the force of kinetic friction is $F_\mathrm{k}=\mu_\mathrm{k} F_\mathrm{N}$ where $F_\mathrm{N}$ is the magnitude of the normal force and $\mu_\mathrm{k}$ is a constant characterizing the interaction of the two surfaces. |
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| LawOfReflection |
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. |
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| LensCentralRay |
For a lens, the central ray originates at the object and travels straight through the center of the lens. |
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| LightColorReflect |
A light-colored object reflects most of the light that hits it. |
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| LightRay |
A light ray is a way to represent light. |
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| LightSource |
A light source is an object that produces light, like a candle, light bulb or the sun. |
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| LightSpeeds |
Light travels at different speeds in different media. Light travels fastest in a vacuum. |
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| LightStraightLine |
Light travels in a straight line. |
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| LinearMomentumConserved |
Linear momentum is conserved. |
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| LuminousIntensityUnit |
The SI unit for luminous intensity is the candela. The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $540 \times 10^{12}$ hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of $(1/683)$ watt per steradian. |
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| Magnification |
The magnification $M$ of an object produced by an optical system is the ratio of the image height to the object height. |
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| MagnificationDistanceEqn |
If the object and image are in the same medium, then the magnification is $M = \frac{-d_i}{d_o}$. |
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| MagnificationPosNeg |
A positive(negative) magnification indicates an upright(inverted) image. |
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| Mass |
An object's mass is a measure of the amount of matter in the object. |
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| MassConserved |
Mass is conserved. |
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| Medium |
A medium is a material that light or other form of energy travels in or through. |
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| MirrorCenterOfCurvatureRay |
For a spherical mirror, the center of curvature ray originates at the object, either passes through or is directed toward the center of curvature, and reflects straight back. |
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| MirrorCentralRay |
For a mirror, the central ray originates at the object, travels to the center of the mirror and reflects. |
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| MirrorReflection |
Reflection from mirrors is specular reflection. |
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| MirrorThinLensEquation |
For mirrors and thin lenses, the relationship of the focal length $f$, object distance $d_\text{o}$, and image distance $d_\text{i}$ is $\frac{1}{d_\text{o}} + \frac{1}{d_\text{i}} = \frac{1}{f}$. |
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| MoonMass |
The Moon's mass is $7.34 \times 10^{22}$ kg. |
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| Motion |
An object's motion is its position at a series of times (clock readings). |
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| N2CompEquation |
The component of an object's acceleration in a particular direction is equal to the component of the net force in that direction, divided by the object's mass; $a_\text{x}= \frac{F_{\text{net,x}}}{m}$. |
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| N2MoreForceMoreAccel |
When objects having the same mass are acted upon by net forces of different strengths, the object acted upon by the greater force will experience a greater acceleration. |
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| N2MoreMassLessAccel |
When equal net forces act on objects having different masses, the acceleration of the more massive object will be less than the acceleration of the less massive object. |
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| NegAccelDecreasingVel |
An object having a negative component of acceleration in a particular direction during a time interval will have a lesser component of velocity in that direction at the end of the interval than at the beginning of the interval. |
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| NegVelDecreasingPos |
The value of the position, on a particular axis, of an object having a negative velocity along that axis during a time interval will be less at the end of the interval than at the beginning. |
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| NetForce |
The net force on an object is the sum of the individual forces acting on the object. |
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| NeutronCharge |
The neutron is neutral. |
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| NeutronMass |
The neutron mass, $m_\mathrm{n}$, is $1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg. |
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| NewtonsFirstLaw |
If the net force on an object is zero, the object's acceleration is zero, and vice versa. |
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| NewtonsSecondLaw |
An object's acceleration is equal to the net force acting on the object divided by the object's mass; $\mathbf{F}_\mathrm{net}=m \mathbf{a}$. |
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| Normal |
The normal to a surface is a line perpendicular to the surface. |
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| NormalForce |
Each of two objects in contact exerts a force on the other. This force is perpendicular to the contact surface and is called the normal force. |
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